extended
essay
on-line
reference
Quotation and paraphrase within the text
 
  1. Direct quotations of under 20 words should be incorporated into your text between " " marks and followed by a short reference e.g.
For purposes of this exercise, Levy's tutor-tool distinction is being adopted: "The tool function of the computer was its original purpose" (Levy 1997:213). Here the computer will not be 'teaching' but the world wide web will be a tool-resource.  
  1. Direct quotations of more than 20 words should be put in an indented single-spaced paragraph followed by a short reference. There is no need for " ".
The role of the curator-editor in compiling TV, however, begs the question of off-air video as 'authentic' material. Bearing in mind the comment:

Not only do [made for] ELT listening materials normally avoid the fragmentation of linguistic structures at various levels which characterizes most informal speech, but the speakers in such materials also typically express themselves in neat, simple, rather short, well-formed discrete sentences, rather than in more natural sequences of loosely connected clauses. (Porter & Roberts 1987:37)

the voiceover script, written and edited in after the visual material has been collected, could also be described as 'neat, simple ... sentences', despite the reasonable discourse continuity with the live-recorded extracts.

 
 
  1. Do not use italics for quotations or references.
Dictation is now reinstated as a dynamic and fun activity; furthermore it is student-centred and productive in terms of highlighting grammar and vocabulary problems, especially dictagloss (Wajnryb 1990:11).  
  1. Direct quotations are not included in the Word limit of your essay, but this is not a licence to quote ad infinitum. If direct quotation amounts to more than 20% of the body text of your extended essay, then expect to be penalised.
   
 
  1. To avoid over-quoting
  • Use paraphrase unless there is genuine significance in the words the author has used, e.g. s/he has coined or defined an important new term.

  • Use ellipsis (...) to reduce long quotations to their important parts by cutting out unnecessary explanatory clauses.

  • Show awareness of the literature relating to your subject rather than just repeating or describing its ideas.

  
Questions regarding : Quotation and paraphrase within the text
1. Which of the following statements about quotation is true?
2. Where should the source of the quotation appear?
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